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Thursday, September 3, 2020
Kings David and Solomon from 10th Century B.C.E. to Present Day Controversy Free Essays
Lords David and Solomon: From tenth Century B. C. E. We will compose a custom paper test on Lords David and Solomon: from tenth Century B.C.E. to Present Day Controversy or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now to introduce day Controversy Introduction Perhaps the most acclaimed Old Testament Kings, just as two of the most popular Hebrew legends ever were, King Solomon and his dad King David. Their accounts have been read a clock and time again all through the ages: went down orally for a considerable length of time, afterwards repeated and shared everywhere throughout the globe as perplexing segments of numerous authentic strict writings including the Torah, the Koran and the Holy Bible. Scriptural sources include: I Chronicles, I Kings, Ecclesiastes, just as the records of numerous prophets. Besides, King David and King Solomon have been ascribed to composing a few Old Testament books including: the Song of Solomon, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and different Psalms. Verifiably, David is known for joining the Kingdom of Israel, supplanting Hebron and making Jerusalem its state house, just as setting up a line that was held hallowed in the hearts and any expectations of the Jews for a considerable length of time after its end. His child and replacement Solomon is generally noted for progressing Davidââ¬â¢s realm and for building the First Temple. Truth be told, as indicated by Abba Eban (1999), writer of over about six verifiable reference books on Jewish history just as the PBS TV arrangement ââ¬Å"Civilization and the Jews,â⬠ââ¬Å"Solomonââ¬â¢s Temple was the delegated wonder of a structure program that matched those of the Pharaohsâ⬠(p. 50). Archeologists guarantee to have discovered remainders of Solomonââ¬â¢s Temple too as a tablet dated tenth century B. C. E. (Craftsman, 2003, p. 46). Be that as it may, not all history specialists and archeologists consent to the credibility of the tablet or even to the degree of King David and King Solomonââ¬â¢s rule. As of late, debate has emitted concerning whether, King David and King Solomon, of the Old Testament (otherwise called the Jewish Bible) were really the ââ¬Å"grand manufacturers of the unified north-south government in Ancient Palestineâ⬠credited to them through the Bible and said to disentangle after their death (Halken, 2006, p. 41). The Legacies of David and Solomon According to Rogerson (1999): It is nothing unexpected that David ought to be one of the most significant figures in the good book. As imprinted in the custom his accomplishments were extraordinary. Before his rule Israel was a vanquished vassal individuals. Inside a couple of years David made Israel free, and even expanded his power over some little neighboring people groups. Before his rule there was nobody predominant political or strict focus in Israel. Inside a couple of years Jerusalem had acquired a centrality that it never accordingly lost (p. 82). David was conceived around 1040 B. C. E. in Bethlehem, Judah (Castel, 1985, p. 87). He grew up the most youthful of eight children of Jesse, and has been connected with the Ammonite imperial family (Rogerson, 1999, p. 78; 2 Samuel, 10: 1-2; 17:25-7). As a young person David joined the company of Israeli King Saul as a minstrel and harpsichord player. It was during this timeframe that he initially picked up reputation when he crushed the inauspicious mammoth Goliath equipped with a minor slingshot. In 1 Samuel 18:20-30 it expresses that with an endowment of 200 Philistine prepuces he wedded King Saulââ¬â¢s little girl Michal. Shockingly, Davidââ¬â¢s conjugal rapture was stopped by the desire of his new dad in-law. Effectively a prepared warrior David was adulated as a military power with melodies announcing ââ¬Å"Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousandsâ⬠(Rogerson, 1999, p. 78). While escaping Saulââ¬â¢s armed forces toward the south, David achieved a large number of military triumphs close by his previous foes the Philistines, as depicted in 1 Samuel. In spite of the fact that his military rule began as a practically itinerant band with him a ââ¬Å"robin-hood like scoundrel chief,â⬠his key ability was acknowledged by the Judean older folks and he was announced King of Judah in Hebron, c. a. 1010 (albeit a few writings make them declare himself King of Judah) (Castel, 1985, p. 89; Halkin, 2006, p. 41). He brought together the Israeli clans toward the north and Judah to south and turned into the leader of all of Israel seven years after the fact following the passing of King Saul c. a. 000 B. C. E. (Castel, 1985, pp. 87-89; Grant, 1984, pp. 75-78; Learsi, 1949, pp. 49-51; Rogerson, 1999, pp. 79-80; 2 Samuel, c. a. 1100-1010 B. C. E. , pp. 505-555). In a splendid political move David assumed control over the Jebusite city of Jerusalem and made it the state house of the new United Kingdom of Israel ââ¬Å"thenceforward to be regarded as the City of Davidâ⬠(2 Samuel, 1997, pp. 505-555; Eban, 1999, p. 47). Moving the state house to Jerusalem was a quick proceed onward Davidââ¬â¢s part since it put him topographically between the northern clans of Israel and the previous Judah. This likewise brought together the Hebrew country politically since Jerusalem was a new tart, not being earlier of Israel or Judah. So as to bring together the country strictly David (with the assistance of King Hiram of Tire) fabricated a castle on Mount Zion where he housed the Ark of the Covenant (Castel, 1985, p. 90; Eban, 1999, p. 49; Halkin, 2006, p. 43; Learsi, 1949, p. 55; Rogerson, 1999, pp. 81-82). He at that point set out to extend his realm dominating and burdening the entirety of Canaan (Rogerson, 1999, p. 82). Lord David managed Israel for the following 33 years (Castel, 1985, p. 89; Harkin, 2006, p. 41). Shockingly the place of David, in the same way as other extraordinary rulers (particularly the individuals who rehearsed polygamy) confronted incredible strategic individual chances. Among them was inward dispute including a lot of ââ¬Å"palace intrigueâ⬠that was combined with Davidââ¬â¢s individual battles including stifling his solid energetic nature (1 Samuel, 1997, pp. 439-504; 2 Samuel, 1997, pp. 505-555). Concerning Solomon, his questionable heritage started before his introduction to the world with the shameful conditions encompassing his folks association. His mom, Bathsheba, had been hitched to another man when David saw her, had her, and afterward had her significant other put to death by setting him on the forefronts of fight (Rogerson, 1999, p. 85). Since Bathsheba was a most loved of Davidââ¬â¢s he guaranteed her that her child would be his replacement. It took some smart moving yet Solomon was declared King of Israel in c. a. 960 (Harkin, 2006, p. 43). Solomonââ¬â¢s rule was described by his political marital decisions, made so as to upgrade his exchange courses and grow his Kingdom. His first assurance to be wedded was to one of King Hiramââ¬â¢s little girls, setting his family relationship with Tire. This furnished him with the materials important to construct his fatherââ¬â¢s Temple. Another key marriage was to an Egyptian pharoahââ¬â¢s little girl. As a share the pharaoh torched the city Gezer and offered it to Solomon. With everything taken into account Solomon had 700 spouses and 300 mistresses (Eban, 1984, p. 49-50). Verifiable and Archeological Controversy Over the most recent quite a long while there has been a bounty of authentic and archeological discussion over the rules of King David and King Solomon. As indicated by Harkin (2006) paleologist Israel Finkelstein and creator Neil Asher Silberman express that, lords David and Solomon, however ââ¬Å"genuine verifiable figuresâ⬠were yet ââ¬Å"bandit chiefsâ⬠(p. 41). Finkelstein accepts that Israel couldn't have arrived at its top during the reigns of David and Solomon in the tenth century, yet rather in the eighth or ninth. Finkelsteinââ¬â¢s account depends entirely on the absence of archeological proof to demonstrate the presence of the momentous design portrayed in the scriptural records of David and Solomon (Harkin, 2006, pp. 41-48). Notwithstanding, their feeling is countered by a few archeological disclosures that have happened in the course of the most recent quite a long while, bringing about their proof being depicted as ââ¬Å"â⬠¦tendentiousâ⬠¦like a trick theoryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Harkin, 2006, p. 48). As indicated by Blakely (2002) two maps of tenth century BC. E. ere revealed giving archeological proof of King David and King Solomonââ¬â¢s realm (p. 49). At that point in 2003 a potential advancement revelation was made: a bit of sandstone was uncovered supposed to be the principal reported archeological proof of Solomonââ¬â¢s sanctuary. Analysts at the Geological Survey of Israel analyzed the tablets and saw them as ââ¬Å"almost absolutely genuineâ⬠(Carpenter, 2003, p. 46) . As indicated by Bar-llan University paleontologist Gabrial Barkai, these tablets ââ¬Å"could be the most huge archeological finding in yet in the place that is known for Israelâ⬠(Carpenter, 2003, p. 6). Additional verification of the presence of King David and King Solomonââ¬â¢s realm was the astonishing find of a 3000 or more structure by paleologist Eilat Mazar which exposes Finkelsteinââ¬â¢s guarantee that David and Solomon were only ââ¬Å"bandit chiefsâ⬠(Halkin, 2006, pp. 41-48). End The repetitive procedure of social event archeological data absolutely requires some serious energy. Time as well as a lot of smart moving, just as prepared labor and plentiful money related assets. Regardless of whether you do have consent to burrow, there is cutting edge design to be worked around. One just can't go around up hurling present day developments so as to demonstrate the presence of past human advancements. Be that as it may, on account of lords David and Solomon their reality has been demonstrated on numerous occasions. Support up the scriptural record is the ââ¬Å"Tel Dan Steleâ⬠an Aramaic book revealed in 1993 dated 835 B. C. E. which brags of Hazael King of Damascusââ¬â¢ triumph over northern Israelââ¬â¢s lord Jehoram child of Ahab and southern Judahââ¬â¢s Ahaziahu of the place of David (Halkin, 2006, p. 48). Step by step instructions to refer to Kings David and Solomon: from tenth Century B.C.E. to Present Day Controversy,
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Alejandra Bermudez British Studies Term Paper Elizabeth Garrett Anderson October 18, 2012 Alejandra Bermudez Term Paper October 18, 2012 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is frequently viewed as one of the most huge ladies throughout the entire existence of medication and society, her work is regularly viewed as a defining moment ever. She wouldn't acknowledge a local job and who battled to change the common Victorian demeanor that ladies and men couldn't be equal.She was the primary female specialist in Britain, assisted with building up the ladies' testimonial development, and gave motivation to her counterparts and to the individuals who emulated her example. Throughout the years she has had a significant effect in the realm of medication as well as in the lives of ladies attempting to scrutinize a vocation in that field. Elizabeth Garrett was conceived in 1836 in Whitechapel, London, one of 12 kids. At the point when she was five, her dad, Newson Garrett, â⠬Å"bought a corn and coal distribution center in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, to where the family movedâ⬠(Sharp).By 1850, he was a rich man and ready to send every one of his youngsters away to class. Curiously for his time, Garrett thought of it as significant that his little girls were taught, just as his children. Elizabeth went through two years at all inclusive school in Blackheath and when she was 16 she was resolved that she would work professionally, instead of remaining at home and hold on to be hitched. While little is recorded about her life during the 1850s, it is sure that ââ¬Å"her sees on social equity and what got known as women's liberation were developingâ⬠(Manton). By 1854, Garrett was a piece of a hover of female companions in London, who all thought about that the overall male mastery of society was unfair. These companions included Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon, both of whom proceeded to be persuasive suffragettesâ⬠(Sharp). The defining moment in Elizabeth Garrett's life was a gathering with Elizabeth Blackwell in 1859. ââ¬Å"Blackwell was the main qualified female specialist in the United States, motivating Garrett to seek after a clinical vocation for herselfâ⬠(Thomas). With help from her folks, Garrett applied to examine medication at a few clinical schools, yet was turned down as a result of her gender.Eventually, she enlisted as a medical caretaker at Middlesex Hospital and went to addresses given to the male understudy specialists. This kept going just a couple of months, as the understudies griped about her participation when she began to eclipse them in addresses. Be that as it may, they didnââ¬â¢t stop her, she kept on driving forward. This is a case of the mentality boundaries that Garrett Anderson needed to defeat so as to accomplish her objective, as ladies, again as expressed previously, were regularly kept down because of the course of action in society.Elizabeth endeavored to work through all the neg ative angle that joined accomplishing this calling; it was her drive and desire that cruised her through. ââ¬Å"She went to private investigation and was shown life systems at the London Hospital and general medication under the educational cost of educators at St Andrews University and Edinburgh University Extra-Mural Schoolâ⬠(Brooks 13-15). None of this would have been conceivable without the proceeded with money related and moral help of her dad. So as to rehearse medication, Garrett needed to increase a passing diploma.London University, the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons and other inspecting bodies would not permit her to sit their assessments, however she found that the Society of Apothecaries didn't explicitly restrict ladies from taking their tests. ââ¬Å"In 1865 Elizabeth proceeded to breeze through the Apothecaries test, she was conceded the declaration which empowered her to turn into a doctorâ⬠(Brooks 22-25). She opened up a little facility in 186 6 situated in London, which turned into the first in England to have ladies specialists (Brooks 25).Despite her prosperity, she understood that without a clinical degree she could never be paid attention to by the male-commanded calling. Incapable to acquire a MD in Britain, ââ¬Å"she instructed herself French and moved to Paris, where she was fruitful in turning into a MD at the University of Paris in 1870â⬠(Brooks 26-28). All through her undertaking to increase proficient acknowledgment, Garrett was progressively dedicated to uniformity for ladies. In 1865, ââ¬Å"she and ten others, including Emily Davies, Dorothea Beale and Barbara Bodichon, framed a ladies' conversation bunch called the Kensington Societyâ⬠(Spartacus Education).All the individuals from the Society were attempting to seek after vocations in the male callings of medication and training. Their conversations unavoidably revolved around ladies' absence of impact in the public arena and went to Parliamen tary change as an initial move towards balance. The idea of all inclusive testimonial was conceived. ââ¬Å"In 1866, the Kensington Society composed an appeal of 1,500 marks, requesting that Parliament award equivalent democratic rights for men and womenâ⬠(Manton). Ladies' testimonial was bolstered by numerous Members of Parliament, most eminently John Stuart Mill and Henry Fawcett. Plant added a correction to the Reform Act that would give ladies indistinguishable political rights from men, yet the alteration was crushed by 196 votes to 73â⬠(Manton). The Kensington Society chose to battle on and shaped the London Society for Women's Suffrage. Different gatherings were additionally conformed to Britain and in 1897, 17 of them consolidated into the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). In the 1919 National Election, ladies had the option to decide in favor of the first run through (Brooks 54). In 1878, Elizabeth Garrett wedded James Anderson, a London trans port proprietor and money related counsel to East London Hospitalâ⬠(Brooks 28). She didn't, in any case, surrender her clinical practice, her battle for uniformity, or her name. She was referred to thereupon as Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The Andersons had three kids, one of whom Louisa proceeded to turn into a conspicuous campaigner for ladies' testimonial in the mid twentieth Century. Elizabeth kept on rehearsing medication in London and to seek after improved clinical administrations for women.She made the ââ¬Å"London School of Medicine for Women and in 1876 saw an Act went in Parliament empowering ladies to prepare and to rehearse as doctorsâ⬠(Manton), close by men. In 1877, the London School of Medicine for Women turned out to be a piece of London University and in ââ¬Å"1883 Garrett Anderson became Dean of the renamed London School of Medicineâ⬠(Brooks 41). The New Hospital for Women in Marylebone end up being unreasonably little for the developing number of ladies going to the training. Thus, new premises were opened on Euston Road in 1890.In 1892, on account of her kept battling, ladies were admitted to the British Medical Association (BMA). Garrett Anderson was chosen President of the East Anglian part of the BMA in 1897, in acknowledgment of her work. She resigned from medication in 1902. She kept on taking a functioning enthusiasm for legislative issues and was chosen Mayor of Aldeburgh â⬠ââ¬Å"the first lady city hall leader in Englandâ⬠(Brooks 42). That equivalent year, at 72 years old, she was one of various ladies from The Militant Women's Social and Political Union who raged the House of Commons in fight at the absence of acknowledgment of ladies' rights.Elizabeth Garrett Anderson passed on in 1917, But, maybe progressively significant is that ladies in Britain today assume that they can be taught and work close by men; they approach sexual orientation explicit clinical administrations; and they can cast a ballot, however serve in Parliament. Without functional visionaries like Garrett Anderson and her counterparts this probably won't have come to fruition. Elizabeth Garret Anderson had unequivocally affected ladies in Britain as well as everywhere throughout the world to continue battling for what they trust in.She indicated that ladies are similarly as equivalent as people can carry out any responsibility given to a man similarly also or possibly better. As should be obvious in this exposition, she accomplished numerous things like ââ¬Å" the primary English lady to qualify in medication, the principal lady to be chosen for an educational committee, the main lady Dean of a Medical School and Founder of the primary Hospital for Womenâ⬠(Brooks 42). She gave a voice to numerous ladies who were reluctant to talk, she gave ladies fearlessness and motivation, telling all ladies that they can make incredible progress in whatever profession they need to pursue.Elizabeth Garret Anderson is a lady of much quality, who utilized her fortitude and courage to show exactly how equivalent ladies can be. Work Cited Thomas, Gale. Elizabeth Garret Anderson from Science and now is the ideal time. 2005-2006 Manton, Jo. Elizabeth Garret Anderson. London: Butler and Tan LTD, 1965. Print. Creek, Barbara. Elizabeth Garret Anderson: ââ¬Å"A completely common womanâ⬠. Aldeburgh: The Aldegurgh Bookshop. 1997. Print Unknown. Elizabeth Garnett Anderson: Spartacus Education. Spartacus. Schoolnet. co. uk 2004-2006. Evelyn Sharp, Unfinished Anventures. 1933. Print
Friday, August 21, 2020
Free Essays on Beyond Oasis
Past OASIS I detest you for what youââ¬â¢ve decreased me as well I abhor you for what youââ¬â¢ve done to me I loathe you for the manner in which you cause me to feel I detest you for causing me not to feel needed I detest you for causing me to feel not adequate I detest you for being all I need I despise you for being all I need I despise you for not being mine I despise you for not mindful I despise you for not cherishing me Furthermore, above all else I abhor you for making me love you Iââ¬â¢m Broken battered and wounded Iââ¬â¢m Shattered torn and mortified However state a word and Iââ¬â¢ll disintegrate at your feet Be that as it may, no more! I won't lounge around crying I won't be the casualty I will not vacillate I will keep my psychological I will remain created I will remain cool quiet and gathered I won't overlap I won't break I will say and do the correct things I won't yell lose my cool, cry, battle revile and let you know Iââ¬â¢m injured I will acknowledge everything with a deadpan shiver For I know not rout just triumph I will be triumphant I have the expertise, the cunning the mental fortitude Furthermore, in Gods name I have the quality Furthermore, I will win, I won't bomb I can't, will not come up short Not again I won't endure once more I won't be made a moron You won't make me cry You won't hurt me once more I will beat the competition I swear I know in my heart I will get my direction Iââ¬â¢ll keep all my psyche and quality I will reach past my desert garden and splash the sweet embodiment of triumph I will support my success and right all the wrongs the fight will make God please excuse me for what Iââ¬â¢m going to do, it is said to get to paradise you should go through a lot of hardship Well my way is clear Iââ¬â¢ve arrived at hells doorstep and by god I will get to my paradise God please invigorate me the, know how, outlook and boldness to succeed I will center and I will BE VICTORIOUS I.G.W.T Who am I joking Iââ¬â¢m no contender I hold no hard feelings... Free Essays on Beyond Oasis Free Essays on Beyond Oasis Past OASIS I detest you for what youââ¬â¢ve decreased me as well I despise you for what youââ¬â¢ve done to me I loathe you for the manner in which you cause me to feel I abhor you for causing me not to feel needed I abhor you for causing me to feel not sufficient I abhor you for being all I need I abhor you for being all I need I abhor you for not being mine I abhor you for not mindful I abhor you for not cherishing me What's more, above all I abhor you for making me love you Iââ¬â¢m Broken battered and wounded Iââ¬â¢m Shattered torn and mortified However state a word and Iââ¬â¢ll disintegrate at your feet Be that as it may, no more! I won't lounge around crying I won't be the casualty I will not flounder I will keep my psychological I will remain created I will remain cool quiet and gathered I won't overlap I won't break I will say and do the correct things I won't yell lose my cool, cry, battle revile and let you know Iââ¬â¢m injured I will acknowledge everything with an unfeeling shiver For I know not rout just triumph I will be successful I have the ability, the cleverness the fortitude Furthermore, in Gods name I have the quality Furthermore, I will win, I won't bomb I can't, will not fall flat Not again I won't endure once more I won't be made an imbecile You won't make me cry You won't hurt me once more I will beat the competition I swear I know in my heart I will get my direction Iââ¬â¢ll keep all my brain and quality I will reach past my desert spring and douse the sweet substance of triumph I will sustain my success and right all the wrongs the fight will make God please pardon me for what Iââ¬â¢m going to do, it is said to get to paradise you should go through some serious hardship Well my way is clear Iââ¬â¢ve arrived at hells doorstep and by god I will get to my paradise God please invigorate me the, know how, mentality and boldness to succeed I will center and I will BE VICTORIOUS I.G.W.T Who am I joking Iââ¬â¢m no contender I hold no feelings of spite...
Thursday, June 18, 2020
Our World Demands a More Effective Global Leader [The Huffington Post]
Written by Cari Guittard, Professor of Global Leadership, for The Huffington Post.à Over the past several years, many American leaders in both the public and private sector have reinforced a stereotype that Americans harbor an uninformed global view. This is not to say that leaders across the globe are any better. Every region has its fair share of global leaders and global experts who do little to foster global understanding. The global community can and should do better. Doing so means aggressively rethinking and re-tooling how public, private, and social sector leaders prepare for global leadership roles. The world needs a new breed of global leader,à now. How do you define global leadership? In July 2013, I taught a class on womens leadership at theà Hult International Business School in Dubai, UAE. I ended class with this question which not surprisingly received strong and deeply varied responses in a room of over 40 nationalities from around the globe. That evening after class, several students approached me with their thoughts and passionate viewpoints on the subject. I continued to receive comments over the remainder of the course and some even emailed me after the class with additional thoughts. I always enjoy throwing questions like this out to a Hult graduate class, which naturally attracts students who are globally minded. Though their definitions varied, my students agreed on one thing: The current models of global leadership, as evidence by what they were reading and absorbing from global news outlets, was in dire need of a complete overhaul. When I pressed for specifics on where global leadership could improve, four key categories emerged: Where Many Global Leaders Fall Short Weak Global Skillsets:à Lack effective communication skills, mismanage crisis and risk, and fail to effectively collaborate across sectors Too Little On-the-Ground Experience:à Deficiency in global knowledge and geopolitical context, compromising effective cross-cultural collaboration Misunderstand Global Citizenship Stewardship:à Fail to see corporations and individuals as global citizens and do not understand the responsibility such a perspective imparts Obstinate Leadership:à Lead with ego, fear, and intimidation Continue reading the article in full here. Photo: C.N. Tanner.à Grow your leadership capabilities with an MBA in international business at Hult. To learn more, take a look at our blog Leadership training: Are you learning fast enough? or give your career a boost with our Masters in International Business. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Related posts Academics Beyond (narrow) business concepts: ââ¬Å"Softâ⬠skills turn out to be critical skills News Building success: Dual Degree students win at USASBE Community How going beyond business at Hult helped me launch my company Admissions Accepted Students Weekend: A weekend to remember Careers Career mapping: How to become an executive in the next 5 years 0 Thought leadership How to prepare for an uncertain future in a world of AI Instagram Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. ðŸ⠸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. ðŸ⠸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interestsââ¬âstudents who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? ðŸ⠸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interestsââ¬âstudents who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? ðŸ⠸: @iambrunadiniz . Weââ¬â¢re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, weââ¬â¢re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approachââ¬âHult offers a student experience like no other. . Weââ¬â¢re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, weââ¬â¢re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approachââ¬âHult offers a student experience like no other. . ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m excited for the futureââ¬âespecially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. Weââ¬â¢re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.ââ¬Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m excited for the futureââ¬âespecially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. Weââ¬â¢re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.ââ¬Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what youââ¬â¢ve accomplished this yearââ¬âand even this decadeââ¬âand what youââ¬â¢d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what youââ¬â¢ve accomplished this yearââ¬âand even this decadeââ¬âand what youââ¬â¢d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. ââ¬Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. Iââ¬â¢ve completely reversed my leadership styleââ¬âthe result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and Iââ¬â¢ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources Iââ¬â¢ll get there.â⬠. Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . ââ¬Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. Iââ¬â¢ve completely reversed my leadership styleââ¬âthe result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and Iââ¬â¢ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources Iââ¬â¢ll get there.â⬠. Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . ââ¬Å"It was now or never. I knew that Iââ¬â¢d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didnââ¬â¢t take this opportunity. Iââ¬â¢d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. Iââ¬â¢ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. Iââ¬â¢ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. Iââ¬â¢m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ââ¬Ërightââ¬â¢ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.â⬠. Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . ââ¬Å"It was now or never. I knew that Iââ¬â¢d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didnââ¬â¢t take this opportunity. Iââ¬â¢d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. Iââ¬â¢ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. Iââ¬â¢ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. Iââ¬â¢m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ââ¬Ërightââ¬â¢ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.â⬠. Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .
Monday, May 18, 2020
The Different Impressions of People About the 1960s Essay
The Different Impressions of People About the 1960s During the 1950s to the 1960s there was many changes in society. Many dramatic events of the twentieth century happened in the sixties, such Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, Cuban missile Crisis, and John F Kennedyââ¬â¢s assassination. The Vietnam War and the first men on the moon,but the sixties was blamed for many things going wrong in society For teenagers the sixties was a great time for them, they could finally have their own lives and their own freedom of expression in their clothes and music and tastes. Music had become more available and convenient because of the new technology; the new seven-inch singles were created light,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the sixties there were several legal changes, which gave women a stronger position in marriage. The Married womenââ¬â¢s property act in 1964 made sure that all women would get half the money they saved from housekeeping, in 1967, the matrimonial acts gave husband and wife exactly the same right of occupation in a family home. Best most of all in 1970, when family assets were divided up the womenââ¬â¢s upkeep of household and welfare of family was taken into acount.women were now treated with more equality, and this had been a great change for women who lived in the 1950s. Before, in the 1950s women did not have many job opportunities most of them worked in boutiques or as receptionists all of this was because of the traditional views that women stay at home and sacrifice their career for the home and children, this is because they did not have equal education. So in the sixties law was formed to make sure girls and boys had same education. Liberals liked the sixties because there were many changes. Homosexuality was legalised in 1967 but relationships had to be in private and The Death penalty was abolished. Most parents would have disliked the sixties because they would disapprove their childrenââ¬â¢s Behaviour. Because of the changes in popular culture teenagers would constantly going out, listen to musicShow MoreRelatedClaude Manet ââ¬â Impressionism ââ¬â 19Th . Oscar-Claude Monet1449 Words à |à 6 Pagesmost consistent and productive expert of the movement s philosophy of communicating one s observations before nature particularly applied to plein-air landscape painting. The expression Impressionism is from the title of his piece Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was shown in 1874 in the first of the independent presentations mounted by Monet and his partners as an alternate choice to the Salon de Paris. Monet s aspiration of painting the French countryside drove him to embraceRead MoreAn Reflection On The Impression Formation1723 Words à |à 7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Impression is a long lasting image of a person created in our minds which can last long for years. There are a lot of research done by Solomon Asch (1946), Bruner Taiguri (1954), Rosenberg, Nelson Vivekanathan (1968) to understand Impression Formation. According to Solomon Asch (1946) at a glance of any person an impression of his personality can instantly form. Even by looking or talking with that person a whole story about his entire character can be told. These impressions can be formedRead MoreA Research Study Of Sociology1708 Words à |à 7 Pagesmany years. In doing this they were examining individuals of different social classes along with statuses and observing their role in humankind this they labeled as the study of sociology. This evolved into a form of study beginning in the 19th century as scientists began to observe and study differences in social classes among people. The way people communicate together, the way they act, and the way they work together as groups of people is the sole base for this type of science. By looking at theseRead MoreThe Movement, Drugs, And Rock Music1212 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Make Love, Not War!â⬠This is the exclamation that most people associate with the 1960s, and as Americans, most of us believe that this decade was dominated by the hippie movement, drugs, and rock music. But this decade goes much farther than that. This was the decade of the peak of the protest movement, the opposition to the Vietnam War, and several other issues associated with the ââ¬Å"political left,â⬠as some may call it. The Sixties was a time in which a major shift in political views and life inRead MoreThe History of Television Essay1441 Words à |à 6 PagesMany Americans today go home and flip on the television, but many do not take the time to think about the complexity of this great invention that is common to us. Nearly sixty years ago television barely existed and was not thought to be used as a broad communicat or like it is used in todayââ¬â¢s generation. Through its starting, stopping, then restarting in the 1940ââ¬â¢s, television took off and expanded greatly in just a few short decades and had great technological breakthroughs to allow it a widespreadRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Assassination1193 Words à |à 5 Pagesequity for all; he believed wholeheartedly in this vision. He trusted that this policy was to raise the under privileged and the discriminated against to new levels of equity. The day before Thanksgiving in 1963, he expressed his unsettling feelings about Americaââ¬â¢s racial injustice and declared an unconditional war on poverty. (Schaller 1061) Johnson put forth every effort to enact the Civil Rights law Kennedy had introduced the summer prior to his death; he urged Congress to pass the law. In July ofRead MoreThe Symbolism Of A High End Luxury Brand1553 Words à |à 7 PagesThe typical impression someone leaves are often the first impression. Judgement based on appearance is not a new concept. Scientifically proven, it takes a set amount of three seconds to determine the type of impression the subject leaves. In those three seconds, appearance can be based on physical looks and/or materialistic items. The symbolism of a high end luxury brand can imply the social standing of a certain individual as well as their physical appearance. It is an invitation for society toRead MoreA Interview About Chinese During The World War II866 Words à |à 4 Pagesone of a few entertainment in that small town. Moreover, we have talked about movies that from U.S. According to my grandfather, it is hard to have the chance and get in touch with the foreign film before liberation. After the liberation, he cannot remember which year but he said he dose watch a film that acted by Charles Chaplin and of course that is a black and white movie. In fact, he likes it because the film is so different than the other Chinese film he has been watching and for him that is somethingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Amiri Baraka s Amiri For The First Time 1052 Words à |à 5 PagesReading through The Dutchman for the first time, I had the impression that it was just another story of a black man being oppressed by another white person in the mid 20th century. However, upon closer inspection, I have found that this play dives much deeper into a variety of different aspects. For example, if we are reading this play with the knowledge that this is written in a postmodern era, this gives us the freedom to explor e which social constructs are being torn down within the play itselfRead MoreChinas Fast Entry into the Fashion World after the 20th Century1825 Words à |à 7 Pagesdecreased. Dr Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan) was a Provisional President of the Republic of China. He is a the father of modern china. He was also qualified with the development of a method of national dress which personified modern values and the impression of equality. Dr. Sun Yat-sen suit was developed over more than 50 years ago . It was a compound combination of : Japanese Meiji period (1868-1912) student uniform, soldierly dress and the Western suit. The below figure is illustrating that. Figure
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay on Happiness in Aristotleââ¬â¢s work The Nicomachean...
Aristotleââ¬â¢s work, The Nicomachean Ethics, consists of numerous books pertaining to Aristotleââ¬â¢s Ethicsââ¬âthe ethics of the good life. The first book discloses Aristotleââ¬â¢s belief on moral philosophy and the correlation between virtue and happiness. The definition of happiness has long been disputed. According to Aristotle, happiness is the highest good and the ultimate end goalââ¬âfor it is self-reliant. This idea contradicted other common beliefs and philosophical theories. Aristotle opens his work by describing the various theories, neutrally examines each idea, and discloses how he thinks the theory is wrong and why his idea of happiness is more accurate. The most accepted theory until Aristotle was that of Platoââ¬âthat good was a universalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Since man is the only creature to have free will and a conscience, these must be central to a good life for a human. The definition of happiness has long been disputed, and in order to establish a general definition one must discover mankindââ¬â¢s function (1095a.20). The distinct function of human beings will differentiate man from all other beings, thus it cannot be related to the characteristics of animals or plants. Aristotle explains that all living beings grow, and that man and animals share instinct. Through elimination, Aristotle establishes the distinct function of man as logic. Only human beings contain three souls and have the ability to use reason. Aristotle states, ââ¬Å"the function of man then is activity of soul [thinking well and doing well] in accordance with reasonâ⬠(). Ultimately, logic allows human beings to use reason in decision-m aking and to be virtuous. Aristotle explains what a competent judge of ethics is. ââ¬Å"Each man judges correctly those matters with which he is acquainted; it is of these that he is a competent criticâ⬠(1094b.20). Ultimately, he believes that younger people lack the experience needed to use their reason. Instead, younger people will follow their instinct and feelings. According to this believe, Aristotle is showing that true happiness (achieved through virtues) is a lifetime effort. According to Aristotle, every action performed is done to attain an end goal (or good). The goals for eachShow MoreRelatedEssay on How Do Virtue and Chance Contribute to Happiness?1283 Words à |à 6 Pagescontribute to happiness? Happiness has been subject to debate for centuries. What is happiness? What does happiness consist of? What contributes to happiness? Among many others, Aristotle, Epicurus, and the school of Cyrenaics, prominent ancient Greek philosophers, have greatly contributed that virtue, which is excellence of a certain part, and chance, which consists of any event outside of human control and prediction, may play a role in happiness. After analyzing the works of these philosophersRead MoreThe Role Of Happiness . ââ¬Å"Happiness Is The Meaning And The1326 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Role of Happiness ââ¬Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existenceâ⬠(Aristotle). In ethics, we study the place of morality in a social construct, where happiness is the core of ethical concern. Happiness for the individual, happiness for the majority, happiness for nature. What is the key to a happy life? Aristotle believes the key is eudaimonia, or a state of having a good soul or being in a contented state of being healthy, happy, and prosperousRead MoreNichomachean Ethicsââ¬â¢ Book Was Written By Aristotle Between1145 Words à |à 5 Pages Nichomachean ethicsââ¬â¢ book was written by Aristotle between the periods of 384 BC to the time when he passed away in 322 BC. Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. During his period of writing, not many things had been discovered and the only other known philosophers were the Plato and Socrates. My view on the book can be derived from the title itself ââ¬Å"Nichomacheanâ⬠which mea ns victory for example in battle and from the term ââ¬Å"ethicsâ⬠which means virtue or a code of conduct. From the twoRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Me Underpin Aristotle s Account Of Citizen Virtue?899 Words à |à 4 PagesTo what extent, and how, does ââ¬Ëthe doctrine of the meanââ¬â¢ underpin Aristotleââ¬â¢s account of citizen virtue? In order to answer the question ââ¬ËTo what extent, and how, does ââ¬Ëthe doctrine of the meanââ¬â¢ underpin Aristotleââ¬â¢s account of citizen virtue?ââ¬â¢ it is first important for me to define ââ¬Ëthe doctrine of the meanââ¬â¢ which was developed in Book II of Aristotleââ¬â¢s Nicomachean Ethics (II.2.1104a12-26) in the form of a medical analogy. ââ¬Ëthe doctrine of the meanââ¬â¢ is very often dismissed as being unhelpful andRead More Aristotles Concept of Happiness Essay1073 Words à |à 5 PagesIn the work, Nicomachean Ethics, the philosopher Aristotle creates a guideline for those who are serious about pursuing happiness. Aristotles recommendations for finding happiness are not accepted today without some struggle and careful examination. In Aristotles time, slaves, women and children were not truly considered human; so in many cases the philosopher is directing his words towards free males only. It is necessary to understand that by overlooking th is discrimination and applying it toRead MoreAristotle Of Aristotle : Nicomachean Ethics1487 Words à |à 6 PagesAristotle: Nicomachean Ethics Happiness: itââ¬â¢s something we humans search far and wide for, to attain before we are called home at death. We go through our daily lives, making choices, commitments, changes, decisions. We set goals for ourselves, push ourselves, hurt ourselves, inspire ourselves, lose ourselves, find ourselvesâ⬠¦but why? Whether it is a conscious effort or not, no matter who you are or where you find yourself at this very moment, there is one ultimately satisfying hope that brings usRead MoreHappiness Is an Activity Essay1287 Words à |à 6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss Aristotleââ¬â¢s claim that happiness is a kind of activity and not a momentary pleasure. Some people might worry that Aristotle is wrong in making this claim by presuming that happiness is a state of mind rather than a constant pursuit in which a person must actively strive for throughout the entirety of ones life. I will argue that Aristotle is correct when he declares that happiness is a kind of activity that we strive for and ultimately attain throughout the entirety ofRead Moreââ¬Å"Are You Happy Now?â⬠Essay1541 Words à |à 7 Pages Happiness is a term that typically has different definitions. Some define happiness, as the things one possess; others may define it as doing a good deed and the feeling one has after doing a good deed. Merriam-Webster defines happiness as, ââ¬Å"a state of well-being and contentmentâ⬠. Even Aristotle acknowledges that everyone disagrees on the definition of happiness because we all have a different thought-process and prior knowledge. Even though there are many definitions to happiness, both AristotleRead MoreEssay on Aristotles Notion on Eudaimonia and Virtue 1550 Words à |à 7 PagesIn Aristotleââ¬â¢s Nicomachean Ethics he accounts that humans should make sacrifices and should ultimately aim first and foremost for their own happiness . In the paper I will argue that it is really in a personââ¬â¢s best interest to be virtuous . I w ill do this by first describing Aristotleââ¬â¢s notion on both eudaimonia and virtue , as well as highlighting the intimate relationship between the two . Secondly I will talk about the human role in society. Thirdly I will describe the intrinsic tie between humanRead MoreAristotle : The Good Life1708 Words à |à 7 Pageswith Plato and Socrates are three of the first and arguably the most important philosophers when it comes to modern day philosophy and ethics. Aristotleââ¬â¢s work extended beyond ethics and philosophy into scientific thought where he was a very important figure in that field as well. One of Aristotleââ¬â¢s greatest works was the Nicomachean Ethics. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores how people should live and concentrates on the individualââ¬â¢s ethical responsibilities. He outlines many different ideas
Cultural Comparisons Ethnocentrism Essay Example For Students
Cultural Comparisons Ethnocentrism Essay CultureCultural comparisonsEthnocentrismEthnocentrism is the name given to a tendency to interpret or evaluate other cultures in terms of ones own. This tendency has been, perhaps, more prevalent in modern nations than among preliterate tribes. The citizens of a large nation, especially in the past, have been less likely to observe people in another nation or culture than have been members of small tribes who are well acquainted with the ways of their culturally diverse neighbours. Thus, the American tourist could report that Londoners drive on the wrong side of the street or an Englishman might find some customs on the Continent queer or boorish, merely because they are different. Members of a Pueblo tribe in the American Southwest, on the other hand, might be well acquainted with cultural differences not only among other Pueblos but also in non-Pueblo tribes such as the Navajo and Apache. Ethnocentrism became prominent among many Europeans after the discovery of the Americas, the i slands of the Pacific, and the Far East. Even anthropologists might characterize all preliterate peoples as being without religion (as did Sir John Lubbock) or as having a prelogical mentality (as did Lucien L?vy-Bruhl) merely because their ways of thinking did not correspond with those of the culture of western Europe. Thus, inhabitants of non-Western cultures, particularly those lacking the art of writing, were widely described as being immoral, illogical, queer, or just perverse (Ye Beastly Devices of ye Heathen). Cultural RelativismIncreased knowledge led to or facilitated a deeper understanding and, with it, a finer appreciation of cultures quite different from ones own. When it was understood that universal needs could be served with culturally diverse means, that worship might assume a variety of forms, that morality consists in conforming to ethical rules of conduct but does not inhere in the rules themselves, a new view emerged that each culture should be understood and appreciated in terms of itself. What is moral in one culture might be immoral or ethically neutral in another. For example, it was not immoral to kill a baby girl at birth or an aged grandparent who was nonproductive when it was impossible to obtain enough food for all; or wife lending among the Eskimo might be practiced as a gesture of hospitality, a way of cementing a friendship and promoting mutual aid in a harsh and dangerous environment, and thus may acquire the status of a high moral value. The view that elements of a culture are to be understood and judged in terms of their relationship to the culture as a wholea doctrine known as cultural relativismled to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be evaluated or graded as higher and lower, superior or inferior. If it was unwarranted to say that patriliny (descent through the male line) was superior or inferior to matriliny (descent through the female line), if it was unjustified or meaningless to say that monogamy was better or worse than polygamy, then it was equally unsound or meaningless to say that one culture was higher or superior to another. A large number of anthropologists subscribed to this view; they argued that such judgments were subjective and therefore unscientific. It is, of course, true that some values are imponderable and some criteria are subjective. Are people in modern Western culture happier than the Aborigines of Australia? Is it better to be a child than an adult, alive than dead? These certainly are not questions for science. But to say that the culture of the ancient Mayas was not superior to or more highly developed than the crude and simple culture of the Tasmanians or to say that the culture of England in 1966 was not higher than Englands culture in 1066 is to fly in the face of science as well as of common sense. Evaluative gradingCultures have ponderable values as well as imponderable, and the imponderable ones can be measured with objective, meaningful yardsticks. A culture is a means to an end: the security and continuity of life. Some kinds of culture are better means of making life secure than others. Agriculture is a better means of providing food than hunting and gathering. The productivity of human labour has been increased by machinery and by the utilization of the energy of nonhuman animals, water and wind power, and fossil fuels. Some cultures have more effective means of coping with disease than others, and this superiority is expressed mathematically in death rate s. And there are many other ways in which meaningful differences can be measured and evaluations made. Thus, the proposition that cultures have ponderable values that can be measured meaningfully by objective yardsticks and arranged in a series of stages, higher and lower, is substantiated. But, it should be noted, this is not equivalent to saying that man is happier or that the dignity of the individual (an imponderable) is greater in an industrialized or agricultural sociocultural system than in one supported by human labour alone and sustained wholly by wild foods. Actually, however, there is no necessary conflict between the doctrine of cultural relativism and the thesis that cultures can be objectively graded in a scientific manner. It is one thing to reject the statement that monogamy is better than polygamy and quite another to deny that one kind of sociocultural system contains a better means of providing food or combating disease than another. Cultural adaptation and Change Ecological or Environmental ChangeEvery sociocultural system exists in a natural habitat, and, of course, this environment exerts an influence upon the cultural system. The cultures of some Eskimo groups present remarkable instances of adaptation to environmental conditions: tailored fur clothing, snow goggles, boats and harpoons for hunting sea mammals, and, in some instances, hemispherical snow houses, or igloos. Some sedentary, horticultural tribes of the upper Missouri River went out into the Great Plains and became nomadic hunters after the introduction of the horse. The culture of the Navajos underwent profound change after they acquired herds of sheep and a market for their rugs was developed. The older theories of simple environmentalism, some of which maintained that even styles of myths and tales were determined by topography, climate, flora, and other factors, are no longer in vogue. The present view is that the environment permits, at times encourages, and also prohibits the acquisition or use of certain cultural traits but otherwise does not determine culture change. The Fuegians living at the southern tip of South America, as viewed by Charles Darwin on his voyage on the Beagle, lived in a very cold, harsh environment but were virtually without both clothing and dwellings. DiffusionCulture is contagious, as a prominent anthropologist once remarked, meaning that customs, beliefs, tools, techniques, folktales, ornaments, and so on may diffuse from one people or region to another. To be sure, a culture trait must offer some advantage, some utility or pleasure, to be sought and accepted by a people. (Some anthropologists have assumed that basic features of social structure, such as clan organization, may diffuse, but a sounder view holds that these features involving the organic structure of the society must be developed within societies themselves.) The degree of isolation of a sociocultural systembrought about by physical barriers such as deserts, mountain ranges, and bodies of waterhas, of course, an important bearing upon the ease or difficulty of diffusion. Within the limits of desirability on the one hand and the possibility of communication on the other, diffusion of culture has taken place everywhere and in all times. Archaeological evidence shows that amber from the Baltic region diffused to the Mediterranean coast; and, conversely, early coins from the Middle East found their way to northern Europe. In aboriginal North America, copper objects from northern Michigan have been found in mounds in Georgia; macaw feathers from Central America turn up in archaeological sites in northern Arizona. Some Indian tribes in northwestern regions of the United States had possessed horses, originally brought into the Southwest by Spanish explorers, years before they had ever even seen white men. The wide dispersion of tobacco, corn (maize), coffee, the sweet potato, and many other traits are conspicuous examples of cultural diffusion . AcculturationDiffusion may take place between tribes or nations that are approximately equal in political and military power and of equivalent stages of cultural development, such as the spread of the sun dance among the Plains tribes of North America. But in other instances, it takes place between sociocultural systems differing widely in this respect. Conspicuous examples of this have been instances of conquest and colonization of various regions by the nations of modern Europe. In these cases it is often said that the culture of the more highly developed nation is imposed upon the less developed peoples and cultures, and there is, of course, much truth in this; the acquisition of foreign culture by the subject people is called acculturation and is manifested by the indigenous populations of Latin America as well as of other regions. But even in cases of conquest, traits from the conquered peoples may diffuse to those of the more advanced cultures; examples might include, in add ition to the cultivated plants cited above, individual words (coyote), musical themes, games, and art motifs. One of the major problems ofethnology during the latter half of the 19th and the early decades of the 20th centuries was the question How are cultural similarities in noncontiguous regions to be explained? Did the concepts of pyramid building, mummification, and sun worship originate independently in ancient Egypt and in the Andean highlands and in Yucat?n or did these traits originate in Egypt and diffuse from there to the Americas, as some anthropologists have believed? Some schools of ethnological theory have held to one view, some, to another. The 19th-century classical evolutionists (which included Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis H. Morgan, among others) held that the mind of man is so constituted or endowed that he will develop cultures everywhere along the same lines. Diffusioniststhose, such as Fritz Graebner and Elliot Smith, who offered grand theories about the diff usion of traits all over the worldmaintained that man was inherently uninventive and that culture, once created, tended to spread everywhere. Each school tended to insist that its view was the correct one, and it would continue to hold that view unless definite proof of the contrary could be adduced. Computer Crime (815 words) EssayThe tendency nowadays is not to side categorically with one school as against another but to decide each case on its own merits. The consensus with regard to pyramids is that they were developed independently in Egypt and the Americas because they differ markedly in structure and function: the Egyptian pyramids were built of stone blocks and contained tombs within their interiors. The American pyramids were constructed of earth, then faced with stone, and they served as the bases of temples. The verdict with regard to the bow and arrow is that it was invented only once and subsequently diffused to all regions where it has been found. The probable antiquity of the origin of fire making, however, and the various ways of generating itby percussion, friction, compression (fire pistons)indicate multiple origins. EvolutionEvolution of culturethat is, the development of forms through timehas taken place. No amount of diffusion of picture writing could of it self, for instance, produce the alphabetic system of writing; as Tylor demonstrated so well, the art of writing has developed through a series of stages, which began with picture writing, progressed to hieroglyphic writing, and culminated in alphabetic writing. In the realm of social organization there was a development from territorial groups composed of families to segmented societies (clans and larger groupings). Sociocultural evolution, like biologic evolution, exhibits a progressive differentiation of structure and specialization of function. A misunderstanding has arisen with regard to the relationship between evolution and diffusion. It has been argued, for example, that the theory of cultural evolution was unsound because some peoples skipped a stage in a supposedly determined sequence; for example, some African tribes, as a consequence of diffusion, went from the Stone Age to the Iron Age without an intermediate age of copper and bronze. But the classical evolutionists did not maintain that peoples, or societies, had to pass through a fixed series of stages in the course of development, but that tools, techniques, institutionsin short, culturehad to pass through the stages. The sequence of stages of writing did not mean that a society could not acquire the alphabet without working its way through hieroglyphic writing; it was obvious that many peoples did skip directly to the alphabet. Sociology Issues
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